The New York Law School Impact Center is presenting a Salon on Transgender Issue on Tuesday, September 29. I am participating together with attorneys M. Dru Levasseur of Lambda Legal and Ezra Young. I prepared a case table on transgender law for distribution at the event and am sharing it here:
Selected Legal Decisions on Transgender Issues
Prepared by Arthur Leonard for NLYS Impact Center Salon, September 29, 2015.
Criminal Law:
City of Chicago v. Wilson, 75 Ill. 2d 525, 389 N.E.2d 522 (Ill. 1978) (Chicago ordinance penalizing cross-dressing could not be constitutionally applied to transgender people whose medical treatment required them to dress according to their gender identity).
People v. Arena, 107 A.D.3d 1440, 967 N.Y.S.2d 301 (N.Y. App. Div., 4th Dep’t. 2013) (allowing transgender witness, sworn as a man, to testify in feminine garb, did not violate due process rights of defendant).
Doe v. Balaam, 524 F. Supp. 2d 1238 (D. Nev. 2007) (magistrate rejected a claim by a transgender woman that her constitutional rights were violated when she was subjected to a strip search in connection with her arrest on a misdemeanor charge).
United States v. Guiterrez-Romero, 2008 WL 2951393 (9th Cir. 2008) (not officially published) (ordering trial court to explain sentencing factors and address how transgender status of prisoners is weighed when deciding what difficulties they may face in prison).
Discrimination Law:
Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 401 F.3d 729 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1003 (2005) (allowing Title VII sex discrimination claim by transgender woman police officer discharged after transitioning).
Broadus v. State Farm Insurance Co., 2000 WL 1585257 (W.D. Mo. 2000) (Title VII does not provide a cause of action for transgender employee subjected to workplace harassment).
Buffong v. Castle on the Hudson, 12 Misc.3d 1193(A), 824 N.Y.S.2d 752 (Table), 2005 WL 4658320 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2005) (not officially published) (transgender plaintiff can sue for sex discrimination under NY Human Rights Law).
Cook v PC Connection, Inc., 2010 WL 148369 (D.N.H. 2010) (not officially published) (transgender job applicant’s failure to disclose prior identities on application provided non-discriminatory justification for refusing to hire her).
Cox v. Denny’s, Inc., 1999 WL 1317785 (M.D. Fla. 1999) (Title VII does not protect transgender woman from discrimination because of her gender identity).
Creed v. Family Express Corp., 2007 WL 2265630 (N.D. Ind. 2007) (transgender woman plaintiff may pursue Title VII claim against employer who discharged her for failing to comply with the company’s dress code).
Cummings v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, 2015 WL 410867 (N.D. Ohio, Jan. 29, 2015) (transgender woman who had received a new birth certificate designating her sex as female would be considered a woman for purposes of a Title VII sex discrimination claim).
Dawson v. H & H Electric, Inc., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 122723, 2015 WL 5437101 (E.D. Ark., Sept. 15, 2015) (denying employer’s motion for summary judgment on transgender woman’s Title VII sex discrimination suit for discharge in response to transitioning).
Doe v. Brockton School Committee, 2000 WL 33342399 (Mass. App. Ct. 2000) (unofficially published disposition) (junior high school administration preliminarily enjoined from barring transgender student from school based on student’s refusal to wear gender-appropriate clothing as defined by school).
EEOC v. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes, 2015 WL 1808308, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 53270 (E.D. Mich.) (court denies motion to dismiss Title VII sex discrimination claim brought by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on behalf of transgender complainant).
Etsitty v. Utah Transit Auth., 502 F.3d 1215 (10th Cir. September 20, 2007) (gender identity is not a suspect classification).
Fowlkes v. Ironworkers Local 40, 790 F.3d 378 (2nd Cir. 2015) (Union violates duty of fair representation under National Labor Relations Act by discriminating against transgender woman in operation of hiring hall program).
Freeman v Realty Resource Hospitality, LLC, d/b/a/ Denny’s of Auburn, 2010 WL 2328407 (Me. Super. Ct., 2010) (transgender woman has viable discrimination claim against fastfood restaurant whose manager barred her from using women’s restroom facilities).
Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1312 (11th Cir. 2011) (discrimination against a transgender woman because of her gender identity was sex discrimination for purposes of a 14th Amendment equal protection claim, invoking heightened scrutiny).
Goins v. West Group, 635 N.W.2d 717 (Minn. 2001) (state law ban on gender identity discrimination did not require employer to allow transgender woman to use restroom facilities designated for use by women).
Grossman, In re, 127 N.J. Super. 13, 316 A.2d 39 (App.), pet. Denied, 65 N.J. 292, 321 A.2d 253 (1974); Grossman v. Bernards Township Board of Education, 11 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1196, 11 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) para. 10,686 (U.S. Dist. Ct., D. N.J. 1975), aff’d without opinion, 538 F.2d 319 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 897 (1976) (saga of transgender public school teacher discharged after transitioning male to female, discharge upheld based on speculative conclusion that students exposed to the teacher after she transitioned would experience psychological trauma).
Hispanic Aids Forum v. Estate of Bruno, 16 A.D.3d 294 (App. Div. 1 Dept. 2005) (landlord did not violate NYC Human Rights Law prohibition of gender identity discrimination by insisting that patrons of tenant use public restrooms consistent with their biological sex rather than their gender identity).
Hunter v. United Parcel Service, 697 F.3d 697 (8th Cir. 2012) (granting s.j. to employer on transgender employee’s Title VII claim on ground decision-maker was unaware of plaintiff’s gender identity and had non-discriminatory reason for discharge).
Lie v. Sky Publishing Corp., 2002 WL 31492397 (Mass. Superior Ct. 2002) (not officially published) (transgendered woman who claims she was discharged because of her refusal to dress as a man at work could claim unlawful discrimination on account of sex and disability).
Logan v. Gary Community School Corporation, 2008 WL 4411518 (N.D. Ind. 2008) (refusing to dismiss constitutional discrimination claims by male high school student who dressed as a girl and was barred from attending the senior prom thus attired).
Lopez v. River Oaks Imaging & Diagnostic Group, Inc., 542 F.Supp.2d 653 (S.D. Tex April 3, 2008) (transgender plaintiff may assert sex discrimination claim under Title VII).
Lusardi v. McHugh, EEOC DOC 0120133395, 2015 WL 1607756 (EEOC, April 1, 2015) (employer must allow transgender employee to use the restroom consistent with employee’s gender identity).
Macy v. Holder, Appeal No. 0120120821, 2012 WL 1435995 (EEOC, April 12, 2012) (reversing old agency rulings, holds that gender identity discrimination claims are actionable under Title VII as sex discrimination).
Maffei v. Kolaeton Indus., Inc., 164 Misc.2d 547 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995) (transgender plaintiff can sue for sex discrimination under NY Human Rights Law).
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989) (not a gender identity case, but crucial to the theory that Title VII and other federal bans on sex discrimination should be construed to encompass gender identity claims under a “sex stereotype” theory).
Richards v. United States Tennis Association, 93 Misc. 2d 713, 400 N.Y.S. 2d 267 (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co., 1977)(transgender woman entitled to compete as a woman in U.S. Open tennis tournament without being subjected to chromosomal testing for gender; tournament officials’ position per contra would violate NY Human Rights Law ban on sex discrimination).
Rosa v. Park West Bank & Trust Co., 214 F.3d 213 (1st Cir.2000) (bank discrimination against transgender woman violates sex discrimination provision of Fair Credit Act).
Schroer v. Billington, 525 F. Supp. 2d 58 (D.D.C. 2007) (allowing Title VII sex discrimination claim by transgender woman whose job offer was rescinded when she told employer she would transition before beginning job).
Schwenk v. Hartford, 204 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir.2000) (Violence Against Women Act covers violence against transgender women).
Smith v. City of Salem, Ohio, 378 F.2d 566 (6th Cir. 2004) (allowing Title VII sex discrimination claim by transgender woman discharged as firefighter after transitioning)
Sommers v. Budget Marketing, Inc., 667 F.2d 748 (8th Cir. 1982); Sommers v. Iowa Civil Rights Commission, 337 N.W.2d 470 (Iowa 1983) (federal and state civil rights laws banning sex discrimination are not applicable to discrimination against a person because they transition from one gender to the other).
Ulane v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 742 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1017 (1985) (denying employment sex discrimination claim under Title VII by transgender woman discharged as commercial airline pilot after transitioning).
Family Law:
Application for a Marriage License for Jacob B. Nash and Erin A. Barr, 2003-Ohio-7221, 2003 WL 23097095 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003) (not reported in N.E.2d) (transgender man may not marry a woman under Ohio marriage statute that contemplates only marriages of different-sex couples).
Daly v. Daly, 102 Nev. 66, 715 P.2d 56, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 876 (1986) (holding that a father’s parental rights should be terminated when father transitions to female gender).
Gardiner, In re Estate of, 273 Kan. 191, 42 P.3d 120, cert. denied, 537 U.S. 825 (2002) (marriage between man and transgender woman was void so she was not surviving spouse for purposes of inheritance rights).
K.B. v. J.R., 887 N.Y.S.2d 516, 2009 WL 3337592 (Sup. Ct., Kings Co. 2009) (exceptional circumstances gave transgender man standing to petition for custody of the child his wife conceived through donor insemination).
Kantaras v. Kantaras, 884 So.2d 155 (Fla. App. 2nd Dist. 2004) (marriage between woman and transgender man was void ab initio, so he was not deemed father of children she bore during marriage).
Karin T. v. Michael T., 127 Misc.2d 14 (Fam. Ct., Monroe Co., 2007) (transgender man who married woman and argued invalidity of marriage could not escape support obligations).
Ladrach, In re., 32 Ohio Misc.2d 6, 513 N.E.2d 828 (Ohio Probate Ct.1987) (transgender woman could not marry a man).
Littleton v. Prange, 9 S.W.3d 223 (Tex. App. 1999) (marriage between man and transgender woman contracted in another state was void under Texas law, so transgender woman was not surviving spouse of decedent and could not bring a wrongful death action).
M.T. v. J.T., 140 N.J.Super. 77, 355 A.2d 204, 205 (1976) (marriage between man and transgender woman was valid).
Pierre v. Pierre, 898 So.2d 419 (La. App. 1st Cir. 2004) (trial court did not abuse discretion by enforcing visitation rights of transgender man with children conceived during his marriage to birth mother of children; dissent argued that as husband had been born female, married was void ab initio and he could not claim parental rights).
Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015) (state bans on same-sex marriage violate the 14th Amendment; one consequence of this ruling, not discussed by the court, is that transgender people will face no barriers in marrying persons of either sex).
Smith v. Smith, 2007 WL 901599 (Ohio App. 7 Dist. 2007) (custody of a boy exhibiting signs that he wanted to be treated as a girl should be switched from his mother, who accepted son’s desire to transition, to his father, who did not believe his son was transgender).
Identity Claims/Birth Certificates/Name Changes:
A.B.C. v. New York State Department of Health, 35 Misc.3d 565, 939 N.Y.S.2d 691 (N.Y. Sup.Ct. 2012) (trial court refuses to issue legal declaration of sex reassignment, claiming lack of jurisdiction to do so for petitioner resident in NY but born in California).
A.M.B., In re, 997 A.2d 754 (Me. 2010) (trial court could not refuse name-change petition without justification as a matter of “discretion” – court’s decision never mentions petition was transgender man, as revealed in appellate brief).
Birney v. NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 34 Misc.3d 1243 (A), 2012 WL 975082 (Sup. Ct. 2012) (table) (ordering NYC Health Department to reconsider refusal to issue new birth certificate to transgender applicant who had undergone reassignment surgery).
Brown, In re Robert Floyd, 770 S.E.2d 494 (Va. Sup. Ct. 2015) (transgender federal prisoner was entitled to receive legal name change).
Change of Birth Certificate, In re, 22 N.E.3d 707 (Ind. Ct. App. Dec. 4, 2014) (construing state law to allow transgender persons to apply for new birth certificates consistent with their gender identity).
Doe, Matter of John, [Index Number Redacted by Court], NYLJ 1202601879249, at *1 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., Westchester Co., May 16, 2013) (ordering NY State Education Department to issue professional license in new name of transgender licensed professional).
E.P.L., In the Matter of the Application for Change of Name, 26 Misc.3d 336, 891 N.Y.S.2d 619 (N.Y.Sup. Ct., Westchester Co. 2009) (usual requirement that name change notices be published was waived and court record sealed at applicant’s request, due to risk that publication of transgender applicant’s name change might attract adverse attention).
Golden, In the Matter of Earl William, III, 56 A.D.3d 1109, 867 N.Y.S.2d 767 (N.Y.A.D., 3d Dept., 2008) (trial judge’s rejection of name change on ground that it would cause “confusion” is not legitimate basis for denying petition, where change wasn’t being sought for purposes of fraud or deception).
Grey v. Hasbrouck, 2015 IL. App. (1st) 130267, 2015 Ill. App. LEXIS 399 (Ill. May 22, 2015) (awarding attorneys’ fees to plaintiff as prevailing party in suit challenging state’s require of genital surgery as a prerequisite to issuance of new birth certificate to a transgender person).
Heilig, In re, 816 A. 2d 68 (Md. Ct. App. 2003) (ruling Maryland courts have jurisdiction to issue declarations of gender status for Maryland citizens born out-of-state).
Powell, In re, 95 A.D.3d 1631, 945 N.Y.S.2d 789 (N.Y. App. Div., 3rd Dept. 2012) (transgender inmate entitled to legal name change with evidence of sex reassignment surgery, as male or female identity associated with particular names is a matter of social convention, not law).
Shaw v. District of Columbia, 944 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.D.C. 2013) (transgender woman was entitled to be treated as a legal woman by police and court officers).
Somers v. Superior Court of City and County of San Francisco , 172 Cal.App.4th 1407, 92 Cal.Rptr.3d 116 (2009) (California-born non-resident transgender applicant entitled to replacement birth certificate; insisting on residency requirement would unconstitutionally discrimination based on equal protection and right to travel).
California-born transsexual who lives out of state can receive replacement birth certificate showing current gender, even though the statute allowing for issuance of such birth certificates requires that applications for the new certificate must be filed in the county where the petitioner resides; because this discriminates against California-born transsexuals who reside out of state, equal protection and right to travel were implicated)
Winn-Ritzenberg, In the Matter of the Application for Change of Name, 26 Misc.3d 1891, N.Y.S.2d 220 (N.Y. Sup.Ct., App. Term., N.Y. Co. 2009) (medical evidence of sex-reassignment is not legal prerequisite for transgender applicant’s requested name change).
Medical Treatment/Access to Care/Health Insurance Coverage:
D.F. v. Carrion, 43 Misc.3d 746, 986 N.Y.S.2d 769 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2014) (NYC’s Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) must pay for gender reassignment procedures, including surgery, for transgender girl in the foster care system.)
O’Donnabhain v Commissioner, 134 T.C. 34 (U.S. Tax Court 2010) (cost of medical treatments for gender transition mostly fall under the definition of tax exempt medical expenses as, depending on the individual’s case, treatment for GID can be necessary for one’s health).
Radtke v. Miscellaneous Drivers & Helpers Union Local #638 Health, Welfare, Eye & Dental Fund, 2012 WL 1094452 (D.Minn. 2012) (unpublished decision) (union wrongly removed wife of a member from health insurance benefit program after learning she was transgender woman; although born a man, the wife is legally recognized as a woman and as legal spouse is eligible for the benefit plan).
Wilson v Phoenix House, 2011 WL 3273179 (S.D.N.Y., Aug. 1, 2011) (unpublished decision) (transgendered inmate may proceed on claim that in-patient substance abuse treatment center discriminated in violation of New York Human Rights Law and Equal Protection Clause by not allowing her to participate in the support groups consisting of members of her preferred gender).
Prisoner Rights:
Babcock v Clarke, 2009 WL 911214 (E.D. Wash. 2009) (prison officials have legitimate penological interest to use transgender woman inmates legal male name as part of standardized identification procedures).
Barrett v. Coplan, 292 F.Supp.2d 281 (D. N.H. 2003) (transgender inmate denied any treatment for her condition may assert claim for deprivation of constitutional rights against prison officials).
Battista v Clarke, 645 F.3d 449 (1st Cir. 2011) (prison authorities must provide hormone therapy and appropriate clothing for inmate diagnosed with gender dysphoria).
Doe v Yates, 2009 WL 3837261 (E.D. Cal., Nov 16, 2009) (transgender woman housed with dangerous male inmates who raped and assaulted her stated a claim for failure to protect under 8th Amendment and retaliation and Equal Protection claims).
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 840-44 (1994)(transgender inmate has a right under 8th Amendment to protected against obvious dangers while incarcerated).
Fields v. Smith, 653 F.3d 550 (7th Cir. 2011), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1810 (2012) (state’s blanket prohibition on hormone treatment and sex reassignment procedures for transgender prison inmates violates 8th Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment).
Giraldo v. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 168 Cal.App.4th 231, 85 Cal.Rptr.3d 371 (Cal. App. 1st Dist. 2008) (holding that jailors have duty of care to transgender inmate who was brutally raped and abused while incarcerated).
Greene v. Bowles, 361 F.3d 290 (6th Cir. 2004) (transgender woman prisoner has the right to a trial of her claim that the prison warden violated her 8th Amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment by knowingly placing her in a position to be physically assaulted by another prisoner).
Houston v. Trella, 2006 WL 2772748 (D.N.J. 2006) (denying treatment on other than medical grounds creates a triable 8th Amendment issue in suit by transgender woman who sought hormone treatment held by the New Jersey prison system at the request of the INS).
Konitzer v Frank, 711 F.Supp.2d 874 (E.D.Wis. 2010) (transgender woman’s constitutional rights not violated by male corrections officers performing strip and pat-down searches).
Kosilek v. Spencer, 891 F.Supp.2d 226 (D. Mass. 2012), aff’d, 740 F.3d 733 (1st Cir.), rev’d, 774 F.3d 63 (1st Cir. en banc, 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 2059 (May 4, 2015) (state prison could refuse to provide sex reassignment procedures for transgender woman incarcerated for life without parole).
Lynch v. Lewis, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35561, 2015 WL 1296235 (M. D. Ga., March 23, 2015) (denied qualified immunity defense of prison doctors who refused hormone therapy for transgender inmate; constitutional right to receive such therapy is established).
Meriwether v Faulkner, 821 F.2d 408 (7th Cir. 1987) (prison officials cannot deny all treatments to a transgender inmate, but stating in dicta that this does not guarantee the inmate “any particular type of treatment”).
Norsworthy v. Beard, 2015 WL 1500971 (N.D. Calif. April 2, 2105), stayed pending appeal by 9th Circuit (state policy against providing sex reassignment surgery for transgender inmates violates the 8th Amendment).
Powell, In re, 95 A.D.3d 1631, 945 N.Y.S.2d 789 (N.Y. App. Div., 3rd Dept. 2012) (transgender inmate entitled to legal name change with evidence of sex reassignment surgery, as male or female identity associated with particular names is a matter of social convention, not law).
Rosati v. Igbinoso, 2015 WL 3916977 (9th Cir. June 26, 2015) (district court erred in screening out as non-actionable a pro se transgender inmate’s suit seeking sex reassignment surgery).
Smith v. Hayman, 489 Fed. Appx. 544, 2012 WL 3024429 (3rd Cir. 2012) (difference of opinion between medical staff and inmate about appropriate treatment for inmate’s claimed gender dysphoria does not constitute “deliberate indifference” required for an 8th Amendment claim).
White v. United States, 958 A.2d 259 (D.C. App. 2008) (affirming first-degree assault charges against corrections officer charged with forcing transgender woman inmate to perform oral sex on him).
Refugee Status/Asylum/Withholding of Removal/Convention Against Torture (CAT):
Gutierrez v. Holder, 540 Fed. Appx. 613 (Mem), 2013 WL 4873881, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 19033 (9th Cir. 2013) (denies petition to review determination against CAT protection by the BIA, because conditions for transgender individuals in Mexico have improved significantly).
Hernandez v. Lynch, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 15685, 2015 WL 5155521 (9th Cir., Sept. 3, 2015); Godoy-Ramirez v. Lynch, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 15717 (9th Cir., Sept. 3, 2015); Mondragon-Alday v. Lynch, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 15713 (9th Cir., Sept. 3, 2015) (an apparent rejection of Gutierrez, above, holding that ongoing persecution of transgender women in Mexico would justify protection under the CAT, with recognition that advances for LGB people do not necessarily mean similar advances for transgender people).
Morales v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. 2007) (in determining whether transgender woman from Mexico was entitled to protection under CAT, Immigration Judge must take into consideration willful blindness of Mexican correctional officials who allegedly looked the other way and failed to intervene when woman was been raped by fellow inmates).
Students’ Rights:
Doe v. Regional School Unit 26, 86 A.3d 600 (Maine Supreme Jud. Ct., 2014) (transgender public school student entitled to use restroom consistent with student’s gender identity).
G. v. Gloucester County School Board, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124905, 2015 WL 5560190 (E.D. Va., Sept. 17, 2015) (Dismissing Title IX sex discrimination by transgender boy denied use of boys’ restroom facilities by Board of Education policy; refusing preliminary injunctive relief on equal protection claim).
Johnston v. University of Pittsburgh of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41823, 2015 WL 1497753 (W.D. Pa., March 31, 2015) (University did not violate Title IX ban on sex discrimination by refusing to allow transgender man to use men’s restroom and locker room facilities on campus).
Reference:
Dru Levasseur, GENDER IDENTITY DEFINES SEX: UPDATING THE LAW TO REFLECT MODERN MEDICAL SCIENCE IS KEY TO TRANSGENDER RIGHTS, 39 Vt. L. Rev. 943 (2015).
Reference:
Executive Order 13672, signed by President Obama on July 21, 2014, forbids gender identity discrimination in the executive branch of the federal government. The Defense Department is expected to end its regulatory ban on service by transgender uniformed personnel in the spring of 2016.
Nineteen states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have statutes that protect against gender identity discrimination in employment in the public and private sector: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Washington.
Six states have an executive order, administrative order, or personnel regulation prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on sexual orientation and gender identity only: Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. One state prohibits discrimination based on gender identity in public employment only: New York. Ohio previously included gender identity, until Governor John Kasich allowed the executive order covering it to expire in January 2011. In February 2015, Kansas Governor Sam Brownback rescinded an executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, previously introduced by Governor Kathleen Sebelius.
At least 185 cities and counties (including New York City) prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity for both public and private employees.
(Source: Wikipedia visited on September 28, 2015)